The Death of Equal Opportunity in Michigan - 3739 Words

The Death of Equal Opportunity in Michigan? An Analysis of Michigan’s Proposal 2 7/20/2007 |Table of Contents | | | | | | | | | |Page | |I. |Nature and Background | | | |A.†¦show more content†¦For the purposes of the following discussion, the term â€Å"race† will be assumed to include both race and ethnicity. Although racial groups consist of individuals, those individuals belonging to a particular race often share similar background, family, and historical experiences in addition to life situations and circumstances. It is this background, life experience, and resultant world-view which truly binds together racial groups, rather than simply the color of their skin. Due to the complexity related to both individual and group racial identity, the subject is inherently interesting. Even more complex is the subject of race relations, which are the interaction and relationships between different racial groups. This interaction can be examined from infinite angles and on many levels. For instance, on an economic level, do members of different races have equal access to jobs? Do members of different races control a vastly different percentage of the country’s wealth? On a political level, do different races exert greater control over the political process? Does this control result in legislative and/or legal bias? Is this bias racism? The issue of affirmative action incorporates all of these questions and more, so it is not surprising that it generates controversy. This was the case when, in November 2006, the voters of Michigan approved ballot initiative Proposal 2; anShow MoreRelatedA Feminist Report Of The Modern Society1160 Words   |  5 PagesWomen and men in America in the 21st century are not treated as equals in social, economic, or political aspects of society, ergo feminism—the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities, is still a necessity in the modern society of America. 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Many oppose the death penalty on basis of moral and ethical grounds, but one must keep in mind thatRead MoreBenefits Of A Transplant Or A Kidney Transplant1646 Words   |  7 Pageseach number could be a mom, dad, brother, sister, grandparent, child or a best friend. What matters most is that number equals a life lost or lived by a transplant. Being a donor myself, there are many stigmas and false accusations about this topic and in becoming an organ donor after death it is not only an important decision for oneself to know the truth about this opportunity, but it is also one step closer to simply saving a life. According to David Howard, â€Å"Organ transplantation is one of theRead MoreProblems with the Death Penalty Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Death Penalty To begin with, I will be telling you information that shows that the death penalty is unfair, cruel, and very wasteful. To start with, I will prove to you how poor people are not getting the correct representation they deserve. Nextly, I will tell you about how the innocent have been accused of horrible crimes they didnt commit and even in some cases how they were almost killed and how some have been killed. Finally, I will show you how the death penaltyRead MoreChicago Race Riots Of 19191197 Words   |  5 Pagesinvisible line; the black beach on 25th street and whites on 29th street. The story of Eugene Williams swimming on the beach worsened after a white police officer, Dan Callahan, refused to intervene or arrest the group of white men responsible for his death, in turn starting the deadliest racial violence in Chicago history. The riot lasted a week with protestors full of rage mostly on the South side with white gangs attacking isolated blacks and blacks attacking isolated whites. In â€Å"City of Courts† by

Business Ethics Of International Business Culture,...

Name: Mohamad Alqahtani Instructor Name: Keith Kelley Course: INB385 International Business Date: October 11, 2015 Response to Ethical Challenges in International Business: Culture, Consumers and Employees Introduction General business ethics applies in the case of international business. However, international business ethics poses a particularly different difficulty- from domestic business- as a result of the scope of diversity that managers have to deal with: cultural, economic and legal, etc. Although the contents of business ethics are to an extent informed by the legal framework (including laws and regulatory policy), it is important to distinguish the legal from the ethical concerns. Besides, not all nations have the same laws governing the issues that ethics concerns itself with. Companies may take advantage of lax legal situations in certain countries, especially the developing world, to conduct unethical business. Yet, all companies, wherever part of the globe they are, have the obligation to take these issues seriously: discrimination based on race, gender, culture, sexual orientation, religion, age; poor or unsafe labor conditions and pay; bribery and corruption; thievery of land, money and other natural resources and/or intellectual property; pollution; national discrimination based on trade partnerships (tariffs, barriers, embargos); currency manipulation; price-fixing; product-safety; national security; stakeholder importance, among many others. ThisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Business Ethics1439 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is ethics? Ethics can be defined as a set of principles used by an individual to govern his or her decisions in an effort to ensure fairness and equality. Business ethics, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the applied ethics discipline that addresses the moral features of commercial activity. 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And because of economies of scale, Walmart has low prices every day. Besides the price, product diversification and its international logistics system which supported by the advanced information technology are

My walk with the Lord Free Essays

I realized I needed the Lord as a teenager. Because I grew up in a Christian home, and went to church on a regular basis, I never really experienced that close and personal relationship with the Lord. It wasn’t until I was in high school that I grew close to Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on My walk with the Lord or any similar topic only for you Order Now My father fought stomach cancer for two years, and the three months he spent at home with our family taught me to rely on God for everything. It was only through prayer and reading Bible passages that I was able to be strong as my father passed away. This was a tumultuous period for me; I was begging God for more time with my father, and praying for Him to ease my father’s pain. Instead of God healing my father, he showed me that Jesus is alive and with us. I was desperate to walk with Jesus Christ, and He helped me to see that He was with my father and my family. I always understood that Jesus is our Savior, yet I didn’t truly believe that He is alive in our heart, until my father’s illness. That was when I felt the promise that He would always listen to my prayers and be with me. The Spirit guided me through my prayers during different times, especially during my junior year in high school. I have faith in eternal life and a strong conviction that I could never obtain through education, but only by experience in Jesus Christ. As a result, I have decided I will do whatever God leads me to do until the day I get to meet my father in heaven. I now truly understand the principles and ideas being taught in my church, and I have begun applying them to my own life. I have learned that every good gift and every perfect gift is from above (James 1:17) and also that if I ask, it shall be given; seek, and I shall find; knock and it shall be opened. (Matthew 7:7). These lessons, although filled with a joyful promise, have not always come easy. There have been times I have prayed so much for something, to have it not happen or to not be fulfilled. It has taken many years to understand that The Lord’s path is the right path, and my way is not always what is best for me. Often times, however, I have been able to see God’s plan for me, after the fact, and was thankful that e is in control of my life. Any problems or questions I find in my life, I have learned that I can turn to the scriptures for the answers, like a handbook for life. I also know that the Lord is with me at all times. Like in Psalms 23, probably one of the most well-known verses, I know that The Lord is my Shepard, and I shall not want. And Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me. In times of solitude or despair, I have taken comfort from this passage. My walk with The Lord is a constant journey. Each day I learn more and trust in His grace further. Although at times it is hard to trust in the unknown, I have put all of my heart into Him, and I know that He will provide for me. Because I realize this, I hope to help others to also understand and come to know Jesus. He has said, in Luke 16:15-16, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. I want to live my life for Christ. I want others to see His good works through me. I want to continue to grow in His Almighty grace and spirit. I want to help unbelievers experience the incredible rock that I have found to help me through good times and bad, and to know the one I call Jesus. How to cite My walk with the Lord, Essay examples

Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only Essay Example For Students

Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only Essay The history of U.S. policy toward mind-altering substances has followed cycles of tolerance and intolerance ever since the mid-19th century. Walking into a smoked filled room, of young and old engaged in therapeutic activities for numerous health conditions, has been practice worldwide. In fact, the medical use of the cannabis plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient China. It was used by most of the worlds cultures for its healing properties (Medical Marijuana Cases 1). Today such conditions as Migraine headaches, Glaucoma, Cancer, Epilepsy, Asthma AIDS/HIV, Spinal injury, Muscle spasms, Insomnia etc., could be treated for symptomatic relief with cannabis or cannabis extract. However, marijuana is still considered an illegal drug in most states in the United States. We will write a custom essay on Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Marijuana usage may have been common 20-30 years ago, but it really isnt any longer. Judy Foreman states that a hardy band of activists seeking legislative approval of perennial bill that would bring Massachusetts in line with 34 other states in letting patients with certain conditions smoke marijuana (1). 2 What was known, as the wicked weed of the sixties can be good medicine . Marijuana certainly seems safer than may other drugs, even aspirin that causes gastrointestinal bleeding, killing hundreds of people every year (Grinspoon/Bakalar 4).3 There are lots of drugs American society does not let people use except under doctors care, for instance, cocaine, Demerol, est. No one Rivera 2thinks we have legalized cocaine because we let surgeon or anesthesiologists use it. Therefore, the notion that there is a link between medical use and whether people should to be able to legally get stoned is nonsense. One situation does not necessarily include the other. Nevertheless, there has not b een a single death by overdose (Foreman 4).2 As an enlightened society, we must reconsider the legalization of marijuana for medical use only as it eases pain and suffering of many illnesses. To effect changing the attitudes within our society about marijuana, one must be realistic about the legislation of our own bodies. Right now cocaine and morphine are prescribed legally as medicines, and those legal uses are not adding in any significant way to the country drug problem. While experts debate the medical use of marijuana, patients in Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Alameda County are lining up at Cannabis Buyers Club to receive the drug. Despite the coffee house atmosphere at the Cannabis Buyers Club marijuana remains illegal. Although some chronically ill people and their physicians argue that the drug eases their pain and suffering, the question still is fiercely debated by law enforcement and the medical community (Donnelly 1-2).4 Modeled after underground pharmacies that provide AIDS patients with unapproved drugs, Buyers Clubs have existed informally for at least 15 years. Nevertheless, whether theres a medical need still is debatable. On the other hand, officials a t the U.S. Drugs Enforcement Administration insist there are few, if any therapeutic uses of marijuana. In fact, they point out smoking harms the lungs (Donnelly 3).4 The American Medical Association does not condone the Rivera 3use of marijuana, although it does support further stating that under the direction of a doctor may be appropriate for certain conditions (Donnelly 3).4 The media address the subject in a language that precludes rational debate: Crime related to drugs prohibition is systematically described as drug related. Furthermore, most people seem to be deeply religiously committed to a medicalized view of life. Many take seriously the proposition that just into his head, it is also not its business what substance he puts into this body. In a free society the governments duty is to protect individuals from others who might harm them. In 1980, there were almost twice as may violent offenders in federal prisons as drug offenders (Schlosser 91).5 Today there are far more people in federal prison for marijuana crimes than for violent crimes. More people are incarcerated in the nations prisons for marijuana than manslaughter or rap (Schlosser 92).5 Attempts to reduce dangerous prison overcrowding have been disadvantaged by the nations drug law. Across the country prisons are filled with nonviolent fenders who mandatory minimum sentences do not allow for parole. At the same time violent offenders are routinely being granted early release (Schlosser 92).5 For example, Eric Schlosser reports this incident:Eight years ago Douglas Lamar Gray brought a pound of marijuana in a room at the Econo Lodge in Decatur, Alabama. He planned to keep a few ounces for himself and sell the rest to some friends. Gray was a Vietnam veteran wit h an artificial leg. As a young man, hed been convicted of a number of petty crimes none serious enough to warrant a prison warrant. He had stayed out of trouble for thirteen years. He now owned his Rivera 4own business called Grays Roofing and Remodeling Company. He had a home, a wife and a two-year-old son. The man who sold him the drug, Jimmy Wilcox was a felon just released from prison with more than thirty convictions on his record. Wilcox was also an informer employed by the Morgan County Drug Task Force. The local sheriffs department, as part of a sting, had supplied the pound of marijuana. After paying Wilcox $900 for the pot, which seemed like a real bargain, Douglas Lamar Gray was arrested and charged with trafficking in cannabis. He was trailed, convicted, fined $2500,00 sentenced to life in prison without parole, and sent to the maximum security penitentiary in Springville, Alabama an aging, overcrowded prison filled with murderers and other violent inmates. He remains t here to this day (Schlosser 90).5 Perhaps the politicians real fear was that freedom to use soft drugs would automatically progress to increased use of substance such as cocaine and heroin. If so they must have overlooked the recent Dutch government review which pointed out that decriminalization or possession of soft drugs has not led to a rise in the use of hard drugs (Lancet 1).6 Studies revealed that almost a third of all violent offenders who are released from prison will be arrested for another violent crime within three years. No one knows how many violent crimes these inmates commented without ever being caught. According to a report from the Center of Juvenile and Criminal Justice, Californians much heralded three strikes youre out, twice as many people have been imprisoned for marijuana offenses compared to murdering, raping, and kidnapping combined (Schlosser 92).5 Newt Gingrich introduced legislation demanding either a life sentence or death penalty for anyone caught bri nging more than two ounces of marijuana into the United States. Gringrichs bill attracted twenty-six Rivera 5co-sponsors, though if failed to reach the house floor. Under civil forfeiture statues passed by Congress in the 1980s, the federal government now has the right to seize real estate, vehicles, cash securities, jewelry and other property connected to a marijuana offense. The government need not prove that the property was brought with the proceeds of illegal drug sales, only that it was used or was intended to be use in a crime (Schlosser 95).5 If the owner had no involvement in, or knowledge of the crime, he or she can lose all property as well. When property is seized, its legal title passes instantly to the government. The proceeds from an asset for features are divided among the law enforcement involved in the case, a policy that invites the abuse of power. The willingness to turn informer has become more important to a drug offenders fate than his or her role in a crime ( Schlosser 95-96).5 The U.S. attorney not the judge, decides whether the defendants cooperation is sufficient to warrant a reduction of the sentence. Although this system helps to avoid expensive trails and provides evidence for future indictments, it also leads to longer prison terms for the minor participants in drug case (Schlosser 96).5 Informing on others has become not just a way to avoid punishment but a way of life. In 1985, the federal government spent $25 million on informers. An investigation by the National Law Journal found that the proportion of federal search warrants relying exclusively only on unidentified informers nearly tripled from 1980 to 1993, increasing from 24 percent (Schlosser 96).5 Informers have been caught framing innocent people. Law enforcement agents have been caught using nonexistent informers to justify search warrants. The legal and monetary rewards Rivera 6for informing on others have even spawned a whole new business. Children of the upper middle class are rarely sent to prison for marijuana offenses today. Parents usually enroll their children in private drug treatment programs before trial and hire attorneys who specialize in drug cases. The harshest punishments are given to people who wont cooperate with the government (Schlosser 96).5 Most of the people being imprisoned for marijuana offenses are ordinary people without important information to provide, large assets to trade, or the income to pay for high priced attorney. .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .postImageUrl , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:hover , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:visited , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:active { border:0!important; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:active , .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8 .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15a24b62797095959c62aefbb4450dd8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jim Abbott EssayThe New England Journal of Medicine has joined doctors and patients in support of legalizing the medical use of marijuana (San Francisco Chronicle 1).7 Through largely illegal since 1937, marijuana may prove an effective alternative to more commonly prescribed drugs for some diseases (Morganthau 23).8 Marijuana is often useful in the treatment of the following conditions:Glaucoma: Marijuana, by reducing intraocular pressure, alleviates the pain and slows or halts the progress of the disease. Glaucoma, which damages vision by gradually increasing eye pressure over time, is the leading cause of blindness in the United States. Cancer: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite caused by chemotherapy treatment. AIDS: Marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite caused by the disease itself and by treatment with AZT and other drugs. Each of these uses has been recognized as legitimate a least once by various courts, legislatures, government, or scientific agencies throughout the United States. Currently such well respected Rivera 7organizations as the National Academy of Science (1982), the California Medical Association (1993), the Federation of American Scientists (1994), the Australian Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health (1994), the American Public Health Association (1995), the San Francisco Medical Society (1996), the California Academy of Family Physicians (1996), as well as several state nursing associations have supported the use of marijuana as medicine (Dont Jail Med. 1-2).9 . Marijuana could benefit as many as five million patients in the United States. However, except for t he eight individuals given permission by the federal government, marijuana remains illegal even as medicine (Dont Jail Med. 2).9 Unlike other sedative compounds, cannabinoids have their effect in the upper portions of the brain with physical effects medicated downward, rather than affecting lower center of the brain as with alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines. Reactions to cannabis products vary from totally beneficial and necessary for life, to harmful, dangerous, and to be avoided. As well as being a lifesaver it can also be life threatening (Mikuriya 17-18).10 As with any drug, cannabis is a tool. There will always be individuals that experience adverse consequences from drug use. The abuse of cannabis has been recognized for millennia. These problems were described by OShaughnessey during his observation in India in 1839, which include references in the Persian medical literature. With widespread non medical use of the drug for the past thirty years, Rivera 8psychiatrists have developed classifications of cannabis presented in the largest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Revision IV (DSM-IV) (Mikuriya 18).10 Secondary physical effect overdose are from the stimulation and sedation of the central nervous system. Encouragement with a flooding of ideas and images that are vivid and rapidly changing. Attention and concentration are markedly impaired. Time perception is significantly altered with minutes seeming like hours. There may be distortion of spatial perception. Clinically significant maladaptive behavior or psychological changes (e.g., impaired motor coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of slowed time, impaired judgment, social withdrawal) that developed during, or shortly after, cannabis use (Mikuriya 19).10One must consider what moral messages are being portrayed in reference to people suffering with chronicle illnesses. At the same time, we must recognize the tremendous benefits marijuana has in helping someone to function on a day to d ay basic of pain and suffering. One can not suggest that drugs simply be made available to anyone. Using marijuana as medicine is not about encouraging kiddies to smoke dope (Marijuana as Medicine 1).3 As Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar wrote in a 1995 editorial in The Journal of the American Medical Association; One of marihuanas greatest advantages as a medicine is its remarkable safety. It has little effect on major physiological functions. There is no known case of lethal overdose. On the basis of animal models, the Rivera 9ration of lethal to effective dose is estimated 40,000 to 1 (Postrel 1).11 The legislature of Washington State approved over 100,000 in 1996. to conduct clinical studies on patients to determine the effectiveness of medical marijuana in the treatment of serious illnesses. The appropriation also funds research on cultivating medical marijuana in a tamper free environment and explores potential ways in which the state can legally distribute the drug for m edical use (Dont Jail Med. 4). 9 Due in part to the activism of NORML members, a California initiative to legalize marijuana for medical purpose (Proposition 215) gather enough signatures to be placed on the November 1996 election ballot. In August, both the San Francisco Medical Society and The California Academy of Family Physicians representing a combined total of almost 10,000 physicians statewide endorse the proposition (Dont Jail Med 5).9 What can we do to help? We must stop building prisons instead we must rebuild our lives. .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .postImageUrl , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:hover , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:visited , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:active { border:0!important; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:active , .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9 .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufcaeb627798bc14e7f68b7292ab917a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Raaaaa EssayRivera 10Works Cited1. Mikki, Norris, and Chris Conrad. Medical Marijuana Cases. N.p.: Inernet mario lap, 1996. 2. Foreman, Judy. Medical Marijuana (Acure or Curse). Boston Globe Boston, Mass. 7 Oct. 1991: 25-263. Grinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. Marihuana as Medicine A Plea for Reconsideration. American Medical Association. 273 (June 1995): 1875-1876. 4. Donnelly, Kathleen. The Cannabis Prescription. San Joes Mercury News, 6 Feb 5. 5. Schlosser, Eric. More Reefer Madness. Atlantic Apr. 1997: 90-1026. Deglamorising Cannabis. Editorial Lancet 11 Nov. 1995: 1241. 7. Marijuana as Medicine. Editorial San Francisco Chronicle 31 Jan. 1997: A24. 8. Morganthau, Tom. The War Over Weed. Newsweek 3 Feb. 1997: 20+. 9. Dont Jail Medicinal Marijuana Patients. Online NORML Internet. 21 Nov. 1996. 10. Mikuriya, Tod. Marijuana Medical Handbook. N.p.: Internet. 11. Postrel, Virginia I. Reefer Madness. Washington Post 3 Mar. 1997: 4.

Sleep Deprivation free essay sample

Sleep deprivation is a pattern of sleeping where an individual fails to get enough sleep during the night. On average, adults need seven to eight hours, were teens and children need an average of nine hours of sleep to feel well rested (1). Numerous literatures expand on the topic of sleep deprivation and the effects it has on the human body. This literature can be divided into three parts: 1) studies that show how sleep deprivation causes changes in learning, memory, and mood, 2) studies that show an association between REM sleep and learning/memory, and 3) studies that describe the various sleeping disorders and the treatments for them and strategies that can help. Changes in Learning, Memory, and Mood in Regards to Sleep Deprivation An article published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine states one in five adults fail to get enough sleep during the night. Those who are sleep deprived show changes in mood, learning memory, and eventually see a decline in health. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep deprivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Symptoms vary, but the most consistent are anxiety, lack of motivation, and some level of depression. Individuals may experience lack of concentration and energy as well as fatigue, restlessness, lack of coordination and poor decision-making. Sleep deprivation had been associated with and increase risk for high blood pressure, obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes (1). Recent studies have explored how sleep and mood are significantly linked. Trouble sleeping is identified by researchers to have an impact on mood and is one of the first symptoms of depression (2). Prior research done on sleep deprivation studied full time workers and concluded that workers who show signs of stress in the work place are more likely to have trouble sleeping (3). The same results are seen in people who study and work. They report their sleepiness worsens over the evening school hours. Results show the burden of college student’s carry when they have double activities, such as school and work (4). Other studies describe the negative effects associated with low levels of sleep, which includes lower stress threshold, impaired memory, concentrating problems, and decreased optimism. There is evidence that the lack of sleep is associated with mental and physical dysfunction (5). REM sleep and memory/learning are associated Many studies have shown that REM sleep can be linked to memory, which is collaborated with learning. One study found that when one was learning something new, the amount of REM sleep was increased during the night, and when the new â€Å"thing† was mastered, the amount of REM sleep returned back to normal. They also state that brain activity during sleep can be generalized across animals/species (6). Studies on rats have been conducted that link learning and sleep. Half of the rats were allowed REM sleep while the other half was deprived of REM sleep. All the rats were tested on the same maze over and over, the next day the rats that were allowed REM sleep were able to finish the maze, and get better times than the sleep deprived rats (7). People were also tested; they were tested on a series of recollection exercises. The test showed little alterations in the data. Next people were tested on explicit memory and emotion connected memory, they found that those kinds of memories were better remembered in people who slept rather than those deprived of REM sleep (8). Learning has to do with increased theta waves. There is a study that looked at brain activity while the day progressed, then that night the brain activity was also looked at, they found that similar brain activity was replicated from daytime activity and was found during REM sleep (9). The hippocampus and limbic system hold memories and learned information inside of them. During REM sleep, these signals are integrated into the brain where they can be organized and recollected later. Emotional memories are also better remembered than normal memories because there is an emotional link that can trigger the memory (10). These test and studies show that memory/learning is associated with REM sleep; these journals also state that there has not been a definite answer because there are so many other factors that can affect sleep, like sleeping disorders. Sleeping Disorders and the Suggested Treatments and Strategies Sleep deprivation is, more often than not, considered a sleeping disorder. Some other common disorders include insomnia and sleep apnea (2). A sleeping disorder is a broad term that sums up all problems with sleep (2). These problems include: troubling falling sleep, staying asleep, oversleeping, and abnormal sleeping behaviors. What most people do not understand is that most sleeping disorders can be dealt with without any form of treatment. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the only sure way for an individual to overcome sleep deprivation is to get more sleep in a way that satisfies his or her biological sleep needs (1). The NHLBI gives several strategies for getting enough sleep, these include: consistent sleep routine/schedule on weekdays and weekends, avoiding strenuous activity an hour before bed, spending time outside or being physically active throughout the day, etc. (11). Addressing sleep problems on your own is the first step and usually makes a difference (2). If better sleeping strategies do not work, then a medical provider can been seen to perform an evaluation and diagnosis (2). As this review demonstrates, sleep deprivation is a simple concept, but yet a serious concern for many people. Almost all sleep related problems can be corrected either through individual efforts and strategies or by prescribed medication in more serious disorders. Studies and experiments are ongoing to find out more and more information about why sleep disorders and deprivation occur. The causes are not yet fully known but hopefully will be someday.

Operation Thriller, a Free Writing Competition

Operation Thriller, a Free Writing Competition Operation: Thriller, a Free Writing Competition A month or so ago, we had a nice chat with Monica Landers, the CEO of Authors.me, a cool startup looking to facilitate the submissions and acquisitions process for authors, agents, and publishers alike.We’ve been wanting to run a writing competition for a quite a bit, and Authors.me provided the perfect platform for us and our judges to handle the submissions and go through them. So we decided to finally do it and launch our first writing contest, Operation: Thriller, together with them.UPDATE:  As of 2018, we now run a weekly writing competition here at Reedsy! Click here to enter, and check out this directory for 300+ more writing contests around the web!  Ã°Å¸ â€ How to enter the writing competitionThe contest is open to all US and UK authors, and you don’t have to pay a thing because there is no entry fee. The only thing required is that you have written a thriller novel (i.e. a work of fiction of 60,000 to 90,000 words). The story must be for an adult audience and have a thriller intrigue as main component. Cosy crime or cosy mystery novels will not be accepted.. Paranormal or speculative fiction elements are allowed as long as the thriller intrigue stays predominant. For example, if yours is the first book of a dystopian trilogy, we won’t accept it, even if it’s fast-paced. However, we will accept techno-thrillers.If you have any doubts, feel free to ask here in the comments, or alternatively go ahead and submit, you’ve got nothing to lose after all! To submit, just head over to the writing competition’s landing page and click on â€Å"Enter the Competition†. You’ll be using the Authors.me platform to upload your book and fill in the details (metadata) about it, which makes it both easier for you to submit, and for the judges to review!You have until March 31st to submit your entry.The judges and the review processAfter that deadline, we will give our judges one month to go through the submissio ns to pick the three winners. You will be evaluated on all the usual elements of your craft by four seasoned professionals who do that for a living (read more about them here).Of course, special attention will be paid to the first few pages of your manuscript, so make sure that they're as strong as they can be before submitting! We'd recommend checking out our "query boot camp" column for advice on writing a thriller submission.We’re particularly happy to have two Reedsy editors among the four judges: ex Orion Books editor Joanne Glehill and ex Egmont Books commissioning editor Philippa Donovan, who both have extensive experience  in the thriller genre.The winners will be announced on May 9th, 2016.Awesome Reedsy and cash prizesWe have the chance to have some of the world’s best editors on the Reedsy marketplace, so we thought we’d allow the writing competition’s winners to benefit from their expertise – for free. We’ll be offering a free developmental edit to the first winner and a free editorial assessment to the runner-up.On top of this, Authors.me offers a free 1-year subscription to their premium service, Authors Discovery, to all 3 winners. Last but not least, there are up to $1,300 of cash prizes to grab.Here’s the exact break-out of the prizes for the three winners of the writing competition.Care to help us spread the word? Here's an easy for you 🙂 Check out this free Thriller Competition! #ThrillerWriter #writingcontest pic.twitter.com/3IcXtb90hr Enter the contest here! And if you have any questions, feel free to ask us in the comments. An "oh it's so cool you're doing this" will also be accepted in the comments 😉

Describe the company's organizational architecture - Bayer company Essay

Describe the company's organizational architecture - Bayer company - Essay Example Bayer Company is a worldwide enterprise, which has foundational competences and core influence in the fields of high tech materials, agriculture, and health care (Ali, 2009:62). Being an inventor firm, Bayer sets trends in areas that require intensive research (Tupper, 2011:55). It designs its products to benefit people as well as improve their quality of life. This paper will seek to Bayer Company organizational architecture. It will assess the current architecture and ratify it if appropriate or recommend for another if not suitable. Organizational architecture talks about the spatial surroundings on the mind, behavior, and health of the people in and around an organization. This is an area dominated by the perspective of inter-discipline as it draws it conclusions from architecture, organization, management in addition to knowledge obtained from spatial science, social medicine, and environmental psychology (Williams, 2011:63). Success of an organizational architecture depends on or is attributable to the quality of management practices while operating or the skills employed when designing the organization’s system. Characteristics of a successful system include its simplicity, acceptability, reliability, flexibility, and economy. The Bayer Group of companies aims at creating value through high earning power, growth, and innovation (Workshop on Trends in Enterprise Architecture Research, & Proper, 2010: 33). The architectural design of Bayer Company indicates that it is flexible as every three subgroups operate independently. The other three service companies also function independently led by the holding company in management. This shows that Bayer Company values the aspect of common goals, values, and strategies making it flexible (Ali, 2009:83). An effective organization design does not need to be complicated. On contrary, organization design finds simplicity a highly desirable quality. Pertinently, think

Employment Law Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employment Law Assessment - Essay Example In this analysis, steps that BSG Company can take to prevent legal action from Tony against the company because of the events that occurred have been recommended. This case involves HR issues, as well as, legal issues. First, it should be noted that both employers and employees have a shared responsibility to ensure that everything is alright in working practices and working conditions, as well as, other areas of working life. These areas include grievances, health and safety at the workplace. Employers owe a legal duty of care to their employees (Gennard & Judge, 2005, p, 378). It is expressive that Tony has an injury to mental health because he has not been reporting to work for four weeks due to stress associated with the ridicule he has been going through at work, after he was nicknamed the ‘BSG Smurf†. Therefore, the legal issue in relation to this situation is that BSG Limited has failed to fulfil its duty, as an employer, of ensuring health and safety at the workpl ace for Tony, as one of the company’s employees. Instead, Tony has been subjected to harassment from fellow employees, and the company has not taken any reasonable steps to stop this behaviour, in spite of the fact that this has been going on for a period of four weeks. It is imperative to note that harassment is prohibited both in criminal and civil law (Groenendijk, Guild, & Minderhoud, 2003, p, 181). Employers should guarantee a healthy and safe working environment for their employees is healthy and safe, as outlined in the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (ACAS, 2012, p, 3). Therefore, employers should ensure that there is a code of practice enforcing discipline, which employees should follow. The BSG HR has failed to ensure that discipline is observed by all employees to prevent unacceptable behaviour towards other employees, which may cause harm. As a result of Mickey’s behaviour and other employees at the Guildford BSG garage, Tony is suffering from stress. Fu rthermore, according to the Law of Tort, individuals have a duty not to act in ways that may cause physical or mental harm to others. Tort of Negligence in employment law requires or places a duty on employers to ensure the safety of employees (Mothersole & Ridley, 1999, p, 512). According to Gennard & Judge (2005, p, 378), stress levels that are allowed in the place of work is not regulated or controlled by specific statute. As a result, general doctrines that apply in addressing personal injury claims are used to address issues of work related stress. In law, mental health injury such as stress is treated just like physical health injury (Gennard & Judge, 2005, p, 378). Employers are generally responsible in the law for the acts of their employees, unless the employers can show that they took reasonably practical steps to prevent the employee carrying out the harassment from doing so (Davies, 2010, p, 68). It a high test for employers to show that indeed they took steps, which wer e practically reasonable to stop harassment. Employers are responsible for the unacceptable, harassment activities of their employees, if the victim proves that there was a course of two or more occasions of harassment that caused harm, and the perpetrator must have known or ought to have known the conduct amounted to harassment, as per the provisions of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (Davies, 2010, p,

Strategic management practise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic management practise - Assignment Example Examination of data and appropriate literature has uncovered that Sony maintains the most significant strategic issues associated with ineffective marketing strategies, a culture of power distance that forbids teamwork and collaboration, and poor positioning in its markets among competition. It is recommended that Sony work toward making a more decentralised and collaborative organisational culture, cease its process of quality and innovation positioning as part of brand management and marketing, and enact a performance management ideology that includes the 360 degree feedback mechanism as well as strategic and tactical dashboard to improve control and metrics production to guarantee more return on investment for the recommended changes. This should position Sony more competently among very diverse competitors worldwide. Strategy is the process of determining the long-run aspirations and goals of a business and deciding on the specific action plans and resource allocations required to achieve determined objectives (Nag, Hambrick and Chen 2007). Strategy is inclusive of management activities whereby direction for the firm is established, guidance provided to subordinate support staff members, and where the structure of the organisation is established. Strategic management is the development and implementation of objectives issued by a firm’s management team in order to position a business in a desirable future state. Businesses consist of many inter-dependent divisions that assist a firm in achieving its strategic goals, the firm’s value chain, which consist of marketing, production, human resources, customer service systems, technologies and other operational business components (Maritz and Salaran 2010). Strategic management is the process of aligning these divisions in the most effective and productive methodology so that the business can achieve its mission and guide the organisation toward its long-term goals. Through the proper

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay Research is the key contributor of professional development in many professions, particularly healthcare. It allows practitioners to inform, adjust and monitor particular ways of practice or issues. The ability to evaluate research evidence appropriately is essential to avoid the assumption that all published research is of equal merit and validity. In order to critically appraise the article, Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members (Evans, Murray, Patrick, Fitzgerald, Smith Cameron, 2010), the ten point CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2006) framework is used. Current literature will be utilised to guide the discussion and reflection in order to conclude the overall strength of this article. The studys aims are concisely stated and numbered clearly. This is of importance in research keeping the main focus well established and succinct, allowing readers to easily understand the objectives (Collins, 2010; Gerrish Lacey, 2010; Stommel Wills, 2004). and reduce the chance of inter-researcher confusion. The authors discussed their reasons for focussing on clinical handovers, highlighting that communication difficulties can lead to serious, even fatal mistakes. A previous study is used to confirm the severity of this problem. Khan (2008) illustrates the benefits of using previous studies in ones background enforce the discussion of why the research is relevant. The researchers discuss the MIST (Mechanism-Injuries-Signs-Treatment) template used in the military, pointing out that little is known about its effectiveness in more general settings. Other ways of improving communication are discussed, such as radio pre-alerts and the use of electronic tablets, noting that as yet eff ectiveness is unproven, supporting the value of this new research. The researchers have not disclosed reasons for choosing qualitative methodology; however, it is appropriate to their aims. They intended to obtain and illuminate personal views and subjective experiences of using the MIST template during handover, in turn modifying the template in response to recurring findings. The stated aim of understanding issues affecting handover efficiency can be best researched via the qualitative method in order to gain participants interpretations of the other professionals involved and to enlighten the interactions between these groups (Block, 2006). The gathering of opinions on data transmission methods and data display within the emergency department (ED) provides a more in-depth understanding of how errors occur and furthermore, how this problem could be improved (Bowling Ebrahim, 2005). The research design used in this study is grounded theory. This specifically enables a new theory to arise from data in order to explain social phenomenon and human behaviour (Chears, 2009; Williams, 2012). It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory in relation to the improvement of the minimum dataset as they merely adapt the MIST template (an already established theory), whereas typically, grounded theory forms a theory from original data collected during a study, not by testing a theory from previous literature in the field (Giles, 2002). In contrast, Henandez (2011) recommends using datasets from previous research in order to collate secondary and primary research, allowing the combination of ideas to form a theory. Furthermore, the findings seem to show that grounded theory has been used within attributes of an affective and ineffective handover: A set of ideas designed to explain what constitutes handover quality has been developed. An example: 11 o ut of the 17 participants expressed that a poor handover includes extraneous information and interruptions. The researchers developed this as a theory to explain why poor handovers may occur. They have described their use of grounded theory but not clarified why they have used this method or with what aims they wished to develop new theories. In relation to the recruitment strategy, Daymon Holloway (2011) illuminate the importance of disclosing the setting, timeframe and people involved in research in order to clarify the boundaries of the study. Here, details of inclusion of participants are thorough and well recorded, including geographical locations, timeframes and demographics. Table 1 shows all participants had a mean of 5 years post-graduate experience, indicating that those with considerable experience were selected. The researchers used purposive sampling method to find a representative group (participants with experience of transporting trauma patients to a trauma service) and used convenience sampling within this representative group to ensure all participants could contribute to the data (Monsen Horn, 2008). Purposive sampling is highly targeted and forms a specific group, resulting in this method being subject to bias, however, if the researchers are aiming to investigate a phenomenon relating to specific gr oups of people (e.g. paramedics and trauma team members), then purposive sampling is appropriate to warrant the correct target group is selected (Newell Burnard, 2011). In addition, the researchers have explained how they have selected a representative trauma team sample; by involving individuals from different specialty groups involved in management of trauma patients (e.g. burns, anaesthetics). There is no record of anyone who chose not to take part. Data collected via semi-structured interviews was an appropriate way to address the research aims, but there are flaws. Researchers needed to record the subjective experiences of this group of professionals in order to determine the key factors causing communication errors. However, information such as the location of interviews is not stated. Japec (2008) points out how the social context of interviews can affect responses. We do not know whether interviews were carried out in a controlled environment (i.e. in the same room, similar time of day and without disturbances). Moreover, the researchers have not disclosed the reasons why the interview method was chosen. Moniff and Whitehead (2010) and Blaikie (2010) illustrate the importance of including this information, to allow the reader to see the relevance of chosen data collection techniques. Furthermore, there is no description of how the data was recorded; a vital element in research to increase confirmability and replicability (G errish Lacey 2010). The form of data cannot be distinguished through the software used (NVIVO 8.0) as it can upload text, videos and tape recordings (Edhlund, 2007). The use of a minimum topic guide for interviews ensures that similar data is collected from participants and eliminates the sequence of questions being different (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). However, the researchers were ambiguous when discussing their use of the topic guide in the study design. They state it was used when interviewing the trauma team speciality groups about the minimum dataset for handover, yet, do not clearly state whether it was used for questions on effective and ineffective handovers, data transmission or data display (even though these prompts appear in the topic guide). There is also no reference to use of the topic guide during interviewing paramedics (although paramedic specific questions are present on the guide leading to assumption that the guide was used). The interview method enhances data as it shows body language and non-verbal interactions (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). However, it can skew results: social desirability can lead to the participant answering a question so as to please the researcher or sound like a good practitioner (Rubin Babbie, 2010). In addition, the interviewer effect may occur (where interviewers subtly influence participants responses through wording of the questions or body language), especially as some researchers belonged to the professions being studied. In this research, the relationship between researchers and participants has not been sufficiently reflected upon. There has been no consideration of how reflexivity and experimenter bias may have influenced the choice of questions (e.g. the topic guide), the sample selection and location. With no comment on who developed the topic guide, we do not know if it was one researcher or a collaboration. This information is essential: if experimenter triangulation was utilised, this would decrease the chance of experimenter bias and reflexivity skewing the questions, increasing credibility of the research (Merrian, 2009). Researchers have not examined their role within sample recruitment either. One researcher is employed by Ambulance Victoria, and another by the Alfred Hospital Presumably personal backgrounds influenced the choice of these two institutions for sample collection, however, there is no personal reflexivity expressed to determine that they have considered their potential bias in this area. Reflexivity is critical in order to increase the rigor of the research; recognising how personal experiences, disposition and emotions can influence research choices allows researchers to compensate for this where possible, and understand the importance of documenting subjective issues (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). In consideration of ethical issues, the researchers have not discussed how, or even if they briefed and debriefed the participants. Adequate briefing is essential do participants know exactly what to expect and are aware of their rights (Fowler, ONeill Helvert, 2011). Briefing also allows participants to give informed consent and avoids passive deception, whereby the researchers deceive participants by omission (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Debriefing is equally important, allowing participants to raise any issues experienced during the research (Jackson, 2011; Morrow, Boaz, Brearley Ross, 2012). An ethics committee has approved this research, meaning the emotional impacts on researchers and participants have been assessed and the safeguards and well-being of the participants have been evaluated (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). This implies that ethical considerations have adequately been taken into account, although more detail should have been provided. With respect to the data analysis, grounded theory is defined and clearly explained. In the abstract, thematic analysis was said to be used, but there is no reference to it in the data analysis section. There is, however a clear demonstration of its stages in the description of how the 3 nodes were developed through collecting reoccurring responses and developing them into codes and themes. Open coding has been used, which primarily allows codes and subsequently themes to emerge from the text alone; by using axial coding in addition, the researchers concepts and categories are implemented  whilst re-reading the text in order to check that categories truthfully represent responses and to examine how concepts are related, increasing credibility and validity (Babbie, 2012). However, researchers have not explained how they collaborated to determine what data to present, nor do they disclose any outliers or contradicting results. Reflexivity can affect this process as their subjective thoughts may influence their choices. The researchers have not considered this issue, resulting in reduced credibility (Brink, 2006). They refer to a general consensus when talking about the usability of MIST rather vague and ignoring differing responses. Nevertheless, sufficient data is presented to support the findings. Quotes are implemented to support the data and MIST is rewritten and displayed, including responses. The attribute box allows readers to distinguish differing views between professionals; adding credibility to the data transmission results. Finally, by assigning a third researcher, experimenter bias is reduced and to some degree helps the issue of reflexivity, as researchers past experiences will all differ, affecting how they may perceive participants ans wers, and subsequently code the text. Triangulation of researchers adds rigor to the research (Inoue, 2012). There is a relatively clear statement of findings in the research; data is affirmed under primary nodes developed by thematic analysis clearly and concisely and they are also logically discussed in the order of aims. Hinshaw (2011) emphasises the importance of clearly presented results to allow the reader easy access to the main outcomes and suggested action points. Specific quotes arising from the interviews to corroborate and increase dependability of the results (Streubert Carpenter, 2011). Discussions are made for and against the researchers suggestions. Supporting discussions include the concept of time out in theatres where team members pause and complete a checklist to ensure safety (this current practice boasts reduction in surgical error), reinforcing the results where paramedics state an effective handover is one where the receiving body stop and exercise listening skills. An example where researchers challenge their findings is the reference to a study, concluding informa tion recall of just 36% even when paramedics were provided with handover training. Using evidence to challenge their research demonstrates that the researchers are not prejudiced in favour of their own results and that they recognise the need to consider additional barriers (Brink, 2006). However, the researchers have not discussed the credibility of their findings; they have employed researcher triangulation to reduce intrinsic biases, but have not mentioned how this improves credibility and rigor in the discussion. There is no comment about respondent validation, raising the question whether this was carried out. It is a of checking the truthfulness of research, by giving participants the findings to comment on if there is any misinterpretation: an effective way of reducing researcher bias (Pope Mays, 2006). The value of this research is limited: the researchers acknowledge their results form a basis for development and recognise that trails and further research must be carried out. Findings are discussed in light of current practice, recognising that the MIST tool needs to be trialled further. Researchers also acknowledge that training will have to be developed for paramedics (as with any new proposed method in ambulance services). It is stated that noise barriers need to be evaluated, however, no new areas of research are proposed. Researchers have not discussed whether their research can be transferred to other populations. They have briefly discussed generalizability, stating the research should be generalised to other hospitals with caution as the data was collected in a busy referral hospital. They also recognise that selecting paramedics with experience in trauma settings can lead to decreased generalizability, as paramedics with less trauma experience may have differing views. In conclusion, this research boasts excellent presentation and structure comprising strong background and aims. Utilising qualitative methodology enabled researchers to gain subjective experiences and views from healthcare professionals to provide a deeper understanding of how communication errors occur during handover and propose a multifactorial strategy for improvement. It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory, therefore not utilising grounded theory correctly, however, there is ample literature disputing this, stating that it is acceptable to build on existing theory in order to develop a new one. The research has been carried out in the light of the original aims throughout and the results are clearly presented, with additional quotes to enforce points. However, there is minimal consideration of potential biases and the effect of reflexivity, reducing credibility. Furthermore, many methods have not been justified (research method, use of grounded t heory, data collection and data presentation) leading to overall low rigor and credibility. Finally, it is recognised that this research will not change future practice without further research and trailing. Nevertheless, the original data collected here and strategies for improvement presented make this research a valuable contribution to the field. (182) =2199 References Babbie, E. (2012). The practice of social research. (13th ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Blaikie, N. (2010). Designing social research. (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. Block, D. (2006). Healthcare outcomes management: strategies for planning and evaluation. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Bowling, A. Ebrahim, S. (2005). Handbook of health research methods: investigation, measurement and analysis. Berkshire: Open University Press. Brink, H. (2006). Fundamentals for research methodology for health care professionals. (2nd ed). Cape Town: Juta Co. Chears, V. (2009). Taking a strand for others: a grounded theory. USA: ProQuest LLC. Collins, H. (2010). Creative research: the theory and practice of research for the creative industries. London: AVA Publishing. Cottrell, R. McKenzie, J. (2011). Health promotion education research methods: using the five-chapter thesis/dissertation model. (2nd ed.). London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP). (2006). Qualitative research: appraisal tool. 10 questions to help you make sense of qualitative research. Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit. Daymon, C. Holloway, I. (2011). Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. (2nd ed.). Oxfordshire: Routledge. Edhlund, B. (2007). NVivo essentials: the ultimate help when you work with qualitative analysis. Stallarholmen: Form Kunskap. Evans, S., Murray, A., Patrick, I., Fitzgerald, M., Smith, S. Cameron, P. (2010). Clinical handover in the trauma setting: a qualitative study of paramedics and trauma team members. BMJ: Quality and Safety Health Care, 19(6), 1-6. Fowler, C., ONeill, L. Helvert, J. (2011). The handboom of emergent technologies in social research. New York: Oxford University Press. Gerrish, K. Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. (6th ed.). Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. Giles, D. (2002). Advanced research methods in psychology. Sussex: Routledge. Henandez, C. (2011). Grounded theory: the philosophy method, and work of barney glaser. USA: Brown Walker Press. Hinshaw, A. (2011). Shaping health policy through nursing research. New York: Springer Publishing. Inoue, A. (2012). Writing studies research in practice: methods and methodologies. USA: Southern Illinois University Press. Jackson, S. (2011). Research methods: a modular approach. (2nd ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Japec, L. (2008). Advances in telephone survey methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Khan, J. (2008). Research methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing. Kirby, S., Greaves, L. Reid, C. (2006). Experience research social change: methods beyond the mainstream. (2nd ed.). Ontario: Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication. Merrian, S. (2009). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Moniff, J. Whitehead, J. (2010). You and your action research project. (3rd ed.). Oxfordshire: Routeledge. Monsen, E. Horn, L. (2008). Research: successful approaches. (3rd ed.). USA: Diana Faulhaber. Morrow, E., Boaz, A., Brearley, S. Ross, F. (2012). Handbook of service user involvement in nursing healthcare research. Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Newell, R. Burnard, P. (2011). Research for evidence based practice in healthcare. (2nd ed.). Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Pope, C. Mays, N. (2006). Qualitative research in healthcare. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Rubin, A. Babbie, E. (2010). Essential research methods for social work. (2nd ed.). Belmont: Cengage Learning. Stommel, M. Wills, C. (2004). Clinical research: concepts and principles for advanced practice nurses. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Streubert, H. Carpenter, D. (2011). Qualitative research in nursing. (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Williams, J. (2012). The paramedics guide to research: an introduction. Berkshire: Open University Press.

Million Youth March :: essays research papers

Authorities on riot control said Sunday that the Police Department appeared to have moved too swiftly to end a rally of black youths in Harlem on Saturday, and seemed to have forgotten some of the lessons learned from disturbances over the last 30 years. Though one expert defended the police action as a way to prevent matters from getting out of hand, others said the haste in shutting down the rally, known as the Million Youth March, was a sharp break from the past practice of the department, which is known for its smooth handling of massive demonstrations. As Saturday's ralliers began to disband, a police helicopter began making passes over the crowd and officers in riot helmets stormed the stage from behind. Soon bottles, barricades and trash baskets were flying, leaving one person in the crowd and about 15 officers injured. "From the beginning, it seemed clear the mayor and police wanted to make a point," said David Bayley, dean of the School of Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany. "This looks more like politics than tactics." Anthony Bouza, who was the department's commander in Harlem in the early 1970s, said he was shocked by the swift police surge and believes that the police "owe the black community an apology." "You're dealing with people -- not terrorists," said Bouza, who is retired and lives on Cape Cod, Mass. "This confirms the black community's sense that the police are an army of occupation in the ghetto. It's nuts." Bouza recalled that as a police intelligence officer, he spent nearly every Saturday afternoon from 1957 to 1965 listening to Malcolm X and other black nationalists speak on 125th Street. "The one thing that we learned from all the riots of the 1960s was the need to negotiate, to mediate, to be patient," he said. But Mayor Rudolph Giuliani said the police had acted commendably at what "promised to be a much worse event, a really violent event." He said the rally's chief organizer, Khallid Abdul Muhammad, deliberately began his speech just before the rally's court-ordered ending at 4 p.m. "He wanted to create a disturbance," the mayor said. "The police kept that to a minimum, and they did something for which we should be very proud of them." The mayor had repeatedly vowed that at 4, the police would begin treating the gathering as an illegal demonstration.

Cesar’s Mourning Essay

The book subject of this paper is the classical literary work of Oscar Hijuelos titled: â€Å"Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love†. The book revolves around the lives of two musically inclined brothers who migrated to America from Cuba. The brothers were Nestor and Cesar. As found in the book’s title the central theme was â€Å"love†. The book has expressed different forms of love for different kinds of relationships. It expressed unconditional love for a brother, like what Cesar and Nestor had for each other. It expressed love for the woman you married, like how Nestor felt for Dolores. It expressed love for a woman you know you can never have, like how Cesar felt for Dolores or how Nestor felt for Maria. These interplay of emotions provided for the central theme of the book which also made way for the resolution of the question why Cesar can’t mourn for Nestor. This paper will seek to answer such question through the use of a structured argument. In order to be able to support its contention that Cesar cannot truly mourn for Nestor for two reasons: because unconsciously or consciously he knew he was better of without Nestor and because Cesar was responsible for making Nestor unhappy (Thesis Statement). The line of thinking pursued by this paper may be dark and offensive to some. Still an open mind will find that when they look closer this contention is in fact meritorious. Cesar cannot truly mourn for Nestor. One cannot truly mourn for someone else if he knows that he is better off without him. This is easy to see. Imagine the life of Cesar if Nestor had died. The woman he loved, Dolores, will be his for the taking. He would no longer have to deal with pulling the weight of a younger brother who had no ambition but to open a bar and come back to his Maria. True that the book never expressed that Cesar felt like this. However, a careful look and examination of the story itself will show us that this line of argument is very much tenable. The loss of someone when beneficial to us denies us from the emotion of mourning. It is true that when one experiences joy when another one passes away is devious and callous. However not mourning for someone is not necessarily devious and callous. Let us presuppose that Cesar was sad that Nestor passed away. He may indeed be sad that the brother he loved so much passed away. But can he mourn for him? No, because consciously or unconsciously he knew that the death of Cesar would benefit him. This is a sadistic and cruel interpretation of the emotions of Cesar. Sadistic and cruel it may be but tenable and meritorious it still is. One of the statements in the book that professed this fact was: â€Å"The deepest urge in human nature is the desire to be important to be great the rare individual who satisfies this angle will hold people in the palm of his hand. So even the undertaker will regret his death† (Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, Hijuelos) The second reason why Cesar cannot truly mourn for Nestor is the fact that Cesar was the reason why Nestor ended up that way. Cesar was very ambitious and for everything he wanted to do he needed Nestor to be there. On the other hand Nestor was more laid back and simple. Nestor only dreamt of a simple life a small bar in Cuba would have been enough for him. However Cesar’s ambition was insatiable. Cesar’s insatiable ambition caused Nestor’s unhappiness. In the book to quote Cesar said: â€Å"There’s no dream, it’s our life† (Mambo Kings Plays Songs of Love, Hijuelos). This is one of the reasons why Cesar cannot truly mourn for Nestor. Cesar cannot truly mourn for Nestor because he knew that Nestor was not happy. Cesar knew that when Nestor died his life was empty and incomplete. Considering this fact is it possible for Cesar to feel mourning for Nestor? No, because the emotion that lingered with Cesar on Nestor’s death could not have been mourning. The emotion that lingered with Cesar is guilt and not mourning. He felt guilty for driving his brother to unhappiness. He felt guilty for leading his brother to a life his brother never wanted. Carrying these kinds of emotions will not allow us to mourn for anyone. If anything this kind of guilt will drive us to anger for ourselves. However these kinds of emotions will not elicit mourning. Mourning is a word we often carelessly use to describe someone’s feeling when someone important to them passes. However, as argued and contended by this paper just because someone we love dies does not necessarily imply that the emotion we feel is mourning. There are a lot of other emotions one may possess when someone passes away. More often the emotion that we feel is not mourning. This argument however does not devoid or considers that one does not feel mourning when someone close to them dies. On the contrary it submits that mourning is indeed an emotion felt by anyone of us for the loss of someone but does not necessarily apply for all cases. The story of Cesar and Nestor is one example where a brother cannot truly mourn for another because of envy and guilt. The clearest expression of guilt instead of mourning was when Cesar said: â€Å"I would trade places with him right now, if I could.. † (Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, Hijuelos) Works Cited Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, Oscar Hijuelos

Memorizing Lines - Memorization Tips

Memorizing Lines - Memorization Tips From time to time you will be required to memorize lines for a play, a speech, or a skit of some kind. For some students this will come easily, but others may experience anxiety at the thought of memorizing lines. The first task is to separate out any anxiety about speaking in front of others and deal with that apart from the actual memorization process. Realize that memorizing is one source of concern, and speaking to a group is another. Focus on one issue at a time. Just knowing this will ease some of your worry and give you more of a sense of control. We worry about things when they feel out of our control. Memorizing Lines The best single advice for memorizing anything is to study in a way that appeals to as many senses as you can. By seeing, hearing, feeling, and even smelling your material, you reinforce it in your brain. There are several ways to reinforce information through your senses. Your best bet is to combine three of these techniques. Youll find that some techniques are appropriate for your specific assignment and others are not. Memorizing With Sight Visual prompts act as a great tool for reinforcing information and committing them to memory. Use flash cards. Put all your prompts on one side and your lines on the other.Draw a series of pictures that represent your speech or your lines. Remember picture stories from preschool? Be very creative and think of a picture story to go along with your lines. After youve created your picture story, go back and say your lines as you look at the pictures.Say your lines in front of a mirror and move your face or your arms a special way to emphasize specific words or passages.If your lines come in the form of a script, cover over other actors lines with strips of sticky note. This makes your own lines stand out on the page. Read them over several times.Visualize other actors faces saying your cues and follow with your own lines that follow the cues.Use your smart phone to video yourself saying your lines and watch it. Then repeat if necessary. Memorizing With Feeling Feelings can be internal (emotional) or external (tactile). Either type of experience will reinforce your information. Write out your lines. The act of writing the words provides very strong reinforcement.Carry your script or speech with you at all times and read the full text when you get a chance to get a strong emotional feel for it.Get to know your character. Understand why you say and do what you do.Act out your lines as you say them, even if this is an unemotional speech. You can so this in front of a mirror and  exaggerate your words with dramatic gestures. Of course, you dont want to do this during your actual speech, but you will be thinking about it.Try memorizing backward, from end to start. This separates the emotion from the words. Then read the text from start to finish, with feeling. This technique reinforces the emotional aspect.Learn to think like your character (get a feel for him or her). This can save you if you forget your lines on stage. Simply think like the character and say what he would say as close to the real lines as possible. Memorizing With Sound Sound is a very effective tool for memorization. There are a few different ways to incorporate sound into your memorization skills. Read the script and record the lines of the other performers and leave the microphone off as you read your own lines. This leaves blank air space for your lines. Go back and practice saying your own lines at the appropriate times.Record your lines with exaggerated vocal expressions. You may even want to yell your words. Exaggerations leave big imprints in your brain.Record the entire play or performance during a rehearsal.Carry your recorder with you and listen to it as often as you can.

10 Ethnic Terms

10 Ethnic Terms 10 Ethnic Terms 10 Ethnic Terms By Mark Nichol The vocabulary of ethnicity identity is fraught with peril. It is unfortunate that humans must at times distinguish between various subgroups, but it’s best to keep up-to-date on which descriptions are considered valid or acceptable among those belonging to those populations. Here’s a guide: 1. African A person of African descent. Some people so described use this term even if they are US residents because, due to their recent arrival in the United States, they do not identify with black, or African American, culture. 2. African American An American of African descent. Most people answering this description have no problem with the term black, but some groups and publications prefer this term, and it’s useful, at least, as elegant variation. Unlike as with the case of people from Asia, African Americans are less likely to be identified by their specific country of origin, such as in â€Å"Kenyan American.† 3. Asian A person of Asian descent. 4. Asian American An American of Asian descent. More specific terms such as â€Å"Japanese American† are used when necessary; note, however, that immigrants from nations from which relatively few people come to America can also be identified by such a construction, even if the phrase is not common (such as â€Å"Pakistani American†). 5. Black An American of African descent; this term is generally lowercased but is capitalized by some groups and publications. 6. Chicano An American of Mexican descent. This is one of those terms best reserved for use by those it refers to. People of similar ethnic heritage from countries other than Mexico may share communities and philosophies with Chicanos, but they may prefer not to share the name. (The feminine form Chicana is used when referring specifically to women.) 7. Hispanic A person of mixed Spanish or Portuguese and Indian heritage. Some people of this description oppose the term because it emphasizes the European element at the expense of other identities. 8. Indian This term has two distinct meanings: a person descended from people who long ago immigrated to the Americas from Asia, or people of Indian descent (that is, from India). Many people in the first category so identified prefer this term to â€Å"Native American,† and some use â€Å"American Indian† only to distinguish themselves from people originating in India. (American Indians were originally misidentified as such by Christopher Columbus, who believed, in error, that he had reached India rather than the Western Hemisphere.) 9. Latino A person of mixed Indian and Spanish or Portuguese descent. This term, although no more etymologically valid than â€Å"Hispanic,† is preferable among many such people. (The feminine form Latina is used when referring specifically to women.) 10. Native American A person descended from people who long ago immigrated to the Americas from Asia. Many people adhering to this description prefer to be called simply Indians or to be identified by their tribal name. (Note that the terms indigenous and aboriginal are not strictly correct, because Indians did not evolve in the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Indians who call themselves the First Nations are more accurate.) Of course, many other descriptors for ethnic groups exist, including many broadly considered derogatory and even offensive. However, some people belonging to ethnic groups so labeled use such terms among themselves to reclaim them and diminish their painful associations. A final note: I use the term American (which need not be hyphenated to another proper name) to refer to US citizens, although Americans meaning people who live in the Western Hemisphere who do not reside in the United States outnumber those who do. This apparently arrogant appropriation of the term is objectionable to some people, but it is unrealistic to expect that it will be abandoned. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementInspiring vs. Inspirational

Jean Piaget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jean Piaget - Essay Example The main role in the process of cognition belongs to mental abilities of person: infants are born with certain schemes operating at birth (reflexes), but while in animals these schemes control behavior throughout life human beings use them to adapt to the environment and develop their cognitive abilities. Piaget identifies four periods of cognitive development: sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, and formal-operational. Each of these periods is associated with mastering certain skills and abilities such as use of symbols, abstract thinking, etc: Pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood): intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, improvements in the use of language, development of memory and imagination. However, thinking remains illogical and nonreversible; egocentric thinking dominates during this stage; Concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence): intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible) while egocentric thinking diminishes. Formal operational stage (adolescence and adulthood): intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.

Himan Rights Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Himan Rights Law - Coursework Example It is evident from the study that people in the United Kingdom have enjoyed a lot of individual freedoms and liberties which usually fall into conflict with so many other laws. Consequently, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was drafted in 1950,to integrate these liberties. However, it was not until the year 2000 that the convention rights were adopted in the United Kingdom through the Human Rights Act. In order to use the convention rights, one had to take a case to the European Courts on Human Rights in Strasbourg. This was extremely expensive to citizens and was also extremely time-consuming. The 1997 white paper â€Å"Rights Brought Home† rightly states that: It takes on average five years, to bring a case into the European Court of Human Rights once all domestic remedies have been exhausted; and it costs an average of  £30,000. Bringing these rights home will mean that the British people will be able to fight for their rights in the British courts – without this undue delay and expense. One of the most critical functions is to ensure that, at all times, there is compatibility with the laws as stipulated by the Convention Rights. The Act gives individuals a complete description and summary of the freedoms and liberties that they are supposed to enjoy as citizens. It ensures that everyone’s rights are respected also, just as ECHR does. The Act also goes ahead do state that rights come with responsibility too. This means that there are cases and situations when these rights may need to be limited, such cases being when crime and public health need to be addressed. Apart from protecting the rights of individuals, the Human Rights Act also requires courts of law to obey the laws that Parliament passes. Courts are only allowed to interpret the laws as is, without altering them in any way whatsoever. Nevertheless, the Act allows higher courts the power to determine that a given order cannot be put into use for the sole reason t hat the law contravenes the rights described in the Convention. When this happens, congress is required to amend the various section of that law before it is set to use again6. Since the Human Rights Act was enacted, courts are now obliged to look at The Convention Rights at all times when deciding how cases should go. This is a tremendouslylarge shift from the way things used to be before. Convention rights were looked at only when the UK laws were not clear. Part 2: How does the HRA work? The Act requires all courts and tribunals to interpret laws and effectively put them into use in ways that are compatible to the Convention rights. Rightly so, when this is impossible, a court may revoke or, subordinate legislation or, if it is a higher court, make a declaration of incompatibility. This allows for the amendment of the law to make it in line with